Understanding the Global Impact of HMPV: China's Surge and Seasonal Trends Worldwide

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory pathogen that has been recognized since its discovery in 2001. It typically causes mild, cold-like symptoms but can lead to more severe respiratory illnesses, such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia, particularly in young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. HMPV is a seasonal virus, with increased activity during the winter and early spring months.

Recent Developments in China

In late 2024, China experienced a notable increase in HMPV cases. Data from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention indicated that, during the week of December 16 to 22, 2024, HMPV accounted for 6.2% of positive respiratory illness tests and 5.4% of respiratory-related hospitalizations, surpassing other viruses such as COVID-19, rhinovirus, and adenovirus. This surge was particularly evident among children aged 14 and under.

Despite the increase, health authorities, including the World Health Organization (WHO), have stated that the current levels of HMPV infections in China are within the expected range for the winter season. The WHO emphasized that such seasonal surges are typical and do not indicate an unusual public health threat. 

Global Perspective

Beyond China, other countries have also reported HMPV cases, consistent with seasonal patterns. In Malaysia, for instance, the Ministry of Health recorded 327 HMPV cases in 2024, an increase from 225 cases in 2023. The Malaysian government has advised the public to remain vigilant, recommending preventive measures such as wearing masks when symptomatic and maintaining good hygiene practices. 

In Europe, experts have noted that HMPV is not a new or uncommon virus. Regular surveillance in countries like Spain indicates that HMPV circulates routinely, especially during the winter months, without causing significant public health concerns. 

Preventive Measures and Recommendations

While there is currently no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for HMPV, preventive measures can help reduce the risk of infection:

Hand Hygiene: Regularly wash hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.

Respiratory Etiquette: Cover mouth and nose with a tissue or elbow when coughing or sneezing.

Avoid Close Contact: Stay away from individuals exhibiting respiratory symptoms.

Stay Home When Ill: If experiencing symptoms, remain at home to prevent spreading the virus to others.

For individuals in high-risk groups, such as young children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems, it is advisable to consult healthcare providers if symptoms develop.

Conclusion

HMPV is a well-known respiratory virus that exhibits seasonal patterns, with increased activity during the winter months. The recent rise in cases in China and other countries aligns with these typical seasonal trends. Health authorities continue to monitor the situation, but current evidence suggests that HMPV does not pose an unusual public health threat at this time. Maintaining standard preventive health measures remains the best approach to mitigating the risk of infection.